These techniques are also relevant and adaptable to other gastrointestinal ecosystems and the microbiology of anaerobic environments in general. The future of ruminant gut microbiology research is dependant upon the adoption of these molecular based research technologies and the challenge at present is the use of these technologies to improve ruminant production and decrease environment pollutants throug a better understanding of microbial function and ecology. It is hoped that this book would better equip the readers to meet this unprecedental challenge.