Culture Meets Nuclear Science in Brazil

This technique helps to protect artefacts from the effects of the country’s climate, Vasquez explained. “The problem in Brazil is the weather, the humidity, and natural disasters. We have a larger amount of fungi and termites than other countries do, and these can be destructive to books, paintings, wooden pieces, furniture, sculptures, and modern art.”

Using gamma radiation is a much less invasive way to disinfect pieces than using conventional methods, explained Sunil Sabharwal, radiation processing specialist at the IAEA. “Using gamma rays is a better alternative because it is done at room temperature using no additional substances, unlike conventional decontamination methods that often involve heat or chemicals that can alter material,” he said.

“We are better protecting the material without putting our hands on it,” Vasquez added.

Uncovering clues buried in artefacts

Before treating a piece, the team analyses it using various nuclear and conventional techniques including radiography, X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction (see X ray Diffraction). This process uncovers details buried in the pieces, such as the kind of pigment or metals the artist used. This helps the team identify the most appropriate preservation method.

The scientists used these analytical techniques to study a pre-Hispanic canvas from the collections of the Palace of the State Government of São Paulo. They took measurements that helped them determine the kind of paint the artist used and uncover details of how the piece of art had previously been restored. They also found hidden drawings under the original painting.

A hub of knowledge

Today the IPEN team’s decades of experience is a main source of knowledge for many experts in the region and around the world. In 2016, IPEN staff were involved in the first ever training course on this topic for Latin American experts. Organized by the IAEA, the course brought together conservators, restorers, museologists, librarians, curators and radiologists from ten countries in the region to learn about the different applications of radiation technologies in cultural heritage. 

IPEN now has a long list of requests for support. Its staff work on objects from different countries and regularly train foreign scientists and cultural experts.

An interesting project in the pipeline, said Vasquez, is the possibility of bringing three mummies that have been attacked by insects and fungi to the institute for treatment from Ecuador. The IAEA is supporting this project with expertise and training.

“I am glad that experts and international organizations are placing more and more importance on preserving cultural heritage because our heritage is what represents the identity of our people,” Vasquez said. “We must continue to work to protect it.”